Product Description
0.8Mpa 220V Air Dental Compressor Pump For Dental Unit
Product Parameters
| Rated voltage | 220AC 50Hz |
| Current | 7.2A |
| Power | 1635w |
| Volume fiow | 210L/min |
| Actuating pressure | 0.5Mpa |
| Rated exhaust pressure | 0.8MPa |
| Gas holder volume | 90L |
| Noise | 68-72dB |
| Weight | 90kg |
| Size | 105*48*77cm(Wooden) |
Product Description
Feature:
1. Environmental protection: No need to add lubricating oil, produce oil-free compressed air, and eliminate the risk of pollution.
2. Low noise: suitable for various occasions requiring a quiet air source.
3. Small vibration: high-efficiency dynamic balance design, multiple shock absorption measures, and stable operation.
Packaging & Shipping
| Packing | Strong Wooden Box |
| Shipping | According to the dimension and weight of the package, we can provide different transportation plans: By DHL, FEDEX, TNT, EMS, UPS take 3-5 working days arrive; By airplane to airport, take 4-6 working days arrive; By ship to denstination port, take 15-45 working days arrive. Note: The time mentioned is just for reference. It’s different with each country. If the weight is very heavy, please contact us firstly, and we will check with our production line and inform. |
Company Profile
FAQ
1. who are we?
We are based in ZheJiang , China, start from 2014,sell to Mid East(30.00%),Eastern Europe(20.00%),Southeast Asia(20.00%),North America(10.00%),South America(10.00%),Western Europe(10.00%). There are total about 11-50 people in our office.
2. how can we guarantee quality?
Always a pre-production sample before mass production;
Always final Inspection before shipment;
3.what can you buy from us?
Dental Unit,Compressor,Curing light,Intraoral Camera,Dental Handpiece
4. why should you buy from us not from other suppliers?
-Sincerely service, Confidence guaranty, Successful cooperation;
-Manufacturer and trading integrated, covering with various kinds of dental products;
-Good quality products with ISO & CE approved;
-Competive and resonable price;
-Specific warranty.
5. what services can we provide?
Accepted Delivery Terms: FOB,CFR,CIF,EXW,Express Delivery;
Accepted Payment Currency:USD,EUR,HKD,CNY;
Accepted Payment Type: T/T,L/C,MoneyGram,Western Union,Cash;
Language Spoken:English,Chinese
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
| Condition: | New |
|---|---|
| Certification: | ISO, CE |
| Application: | Dental Chair Unit |
| Nature: | Air Compressor Pump |
| Feature: | Oil Free |
| Usage Times: | Non-Disposable |
| Samples: |
US$ 455/Set
1 Set(Min.Order) | |
|---|
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
.webp)
What Are the Key Components of a Water-Lubrication System in Compressors?
A water-lubrication system in compressors typically consists of several key components that work together to provide lubrication and cooling to the compressor. Here’s a detailed explanation of the key components of a water-lubrication system in compressors:
Water Supply:
- Water Source: The water-lubrication system requires a water source that provides clean and suitable water for lubrication. The water can be sourced from various places such as municipal water supply, well water, or treated water from a dedicated water treatment system.
- Water Inlet: The water inlet is the entry point where water enters the compressor’s lubrication system. It may include valves, filters, or other components to regulate and control the water flow.
Lubrication System:
- Water Jackets: Water jackets are channels or passages built into the compressor’s housing or cylinder walls. These jackets allow water to circulate and come into direct contact with the compressor’s moving parts, providing lubrication and cooling. The water jackets help dissipate heat generated during compression and prevent excessive temperatures that could damage the compressor.
- Water Pump: The water pump is responsible for circulating water through the water jackets and the entire lubrication system. It provides the necessary pressure to ensure adequate water flow and distribution to the compressor’s components.
- Flow Control Devices: Flow control devices, such as valves or flow restrictors, are often included in the water-lubrication system to regulate and control the water flow rate. These devices help maintain optimal water pressure and flow throughout the system, ensuring effective lubrication and cooling.
- Water Filters: Water filters are used to remove impurities, sediment, or debris from the water before it enters the lubrication system. They help prevent blockages, protect the compressor’s components from damage, and maintain the quality of the water used for lubrication.
- Water Separator: A water separator is a component that removes excess water, moisture, or condensate from the compressed air. It ensures that the compressed air leaving the compressor is dry and free from excess water content, preventing potential issues such as corrosion or contamination downstream.
Control and Monitoring:
- Temperature Sensors: Temperature sensors are used to monitor the temperature of the water and the compressor components. They provide feedback to the control system, allowing for adjustments in water flow or cooling measures if required to maintain optimal operating conditions.
- Pressure Sensors: Pressure sensors are employed to monitor the water pressure within the lubrication system. They help ensure that the water flow and pressure are within the desired range, allowing for proper lubrication and cooling of the compressor.
- Control System: A control system, which may include a combination of sensors, valves, and controllers, is responsible for regulating and maintaining the operation of the water-lubrication system. It can monitor various parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and make adjustments as needed to ensure efficient and safe operation.
Regular maintenance, inspection, and monitoring of the key components of the water-lubrication system are essential to ensure its proper functioning and to prevent any issues that could affect the performance and longevity of the compressor.
.webp)
Are There Any Restrictions on the Type of Water Used in Water-Lubricated Compressors?
When it comes to water-lubricated compressors, there are certain restrictions and considerations regarding the type of water that can be used. Here’s a detailed explanation of the restrictions on the type of water used in water-lubricated compressors:
Water Quality:
- Cleanliness: The water used in water-lubricated compressors should be clean and free from excessive impurities or contaminants. Impurities like sediment, minerals, or debris can cause blockages, wear, or damage to the compressor components. It is important to use water that meets the cleanliness requirements specified by the manufacturer.
- Chemical Composition: The chemical composition of the water can also be a factor to consider. Water with high mineral content or hardness can lead to scale formation, which can affect the performance and lifespan of the compressor. Water treatment methods, such as water softening or filtration, may be necessary to maintain the desired water quality.
Water Temperature:
- Freezing Point: In cold climates, it is important to ensure that the water used in the compressor’s lubrication system does not freeze. Freezing can cause operational issues and damage to the equipment. The water temperature should be maintained above freezing point through insulation, heating, or other suitable methods.
- Temperature Range: Water-lubricated compressors may have specific temperature requirements to ensure optimal operation and lubrication. Operating the compressor with water temperatures outside the recommended range can affect its performance and lifespan. It is important to adhere to the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding the acceptable temperature range for the water used.
Water Treatment:
- Water Treatment Systems: Depending on the quality of the available water supply, it may be necessary to use water treatment systems to ensure the water meets the required standards. Water treatment systems can help remove impurities, control chemical composition, and maintain the desired water quality for effective lubrication and cooling.
- Water Treatment Frequency: Regular maintenance and monitoring of the water treatment systems are essential to ensure their effectiveness. The frequency of water treatment, such as filtration or chemical treatment, may vary depending on the specific conditions and the water quality in the area.
Manufacturer Recommendations:
- Consulting the Manufacturer: It is important to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations regarding the type of water to be used in water-lubricated compressors. Manufacturers may specify the acceptable water quality parameters, treatment methods, or restrictions to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the compressor.
By considering the cleanliness, chemical composition, temperature, and appropriate water treatment measures, the type of water used in water-lubricated compressors can be optimized to meet the requirements specified by the manufacturer. Adhering to these restrictions helps ensure efficient and reliable operation of the compressor while minimizing the risk of component damage or performance issues.
.webp)
Can Water-Lubricated Air Compressors Be Used in Medical Applications?
Water-lubricated air compressors can be used in certain medical applications, offering specific advantages for these environments. Here are some considerations regarding the use of water-lubricated air compressors in medical settings:
- Clean and sterile lubrication: Water is a clean and sterile lubricant, making it suitable for medical applications where maintaining a sterile environment is crucial. Water lubrication helps prevent contamination and ensures the integrity of medical products and procedures.
- Reduced risk of oil contamination: Oil-lubricated compressors pose a risk of oil carryover and oil vapor entering the compressed air system. This can be problematic in medical applications, where oil contamination could impact patient safety or interfere with sensitive medical equipment. Water-lubricated compressors eliminate this risk, providing a reliable and oil-free compressed air source.
- Compatibility with medical gases: Water-lubricated air compressors are compatible with medical gases such as oxygen or nitrous oxide. Unlike oil lubricants, water does not react or contaminate these gases, ensuring their purity and safety in medical procedures.
- Hygienic and easy to clean: Water lubrication simplifies cleaning procedures in medical environments. It does not leave behind sticky residues or require harsh chemicals for cleaning. Water-lubricated compressors can be easily cleaned and maintained, promoting a hygienic and safe medical facility.
- Reduced risk of fire hazards: Water has a higher flash point compared to oil lubricants, making water-lubricated compressors safer in terms of fire hazards. In medical settings, where fire safety is critical, using water as a lubricant can provide added peace of mind.
- Environmental friendliness: Water is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly lubricant choice. It does not contribute to air or water pollution, aligning with the sustainability goals of medical facilities.
While water-lubricated air compressors offer several advantages for medical applications, it’s important to note that specific requirements and regulations may vary depending on the type of medical procedure or equipment involved. It is advisable to consult with medical professionals or equipment manufacturers to ensure the suitability and compliance of water-lubricated air compressors for specific medical applications.


editor by CX 2024-05-03
China wholesaler Energy Save Oil Free Silent Electric Air Compressor 22kw 8bar for Spray Painting air compressor for sale
Product Description
Energy Save Oil Free Silent Electric Air Compressor 22kw 8bar for Spray Painting
Technical Parameters Of PM Variable speed screw air compressor:
| Model | Work pressure | Capacity | Power | Noise | Inlet and outlet diameters of cooling water | Water inlet & outlet T/H |
Lubricating water L |
Dimensions | Weight | Air outlet diameter
|
| WZS-06PMA | 0.8 | 0.3~0.78 | 5.5 | 57 | 3/4″ | 1.5 | 10 | 800x800x1100 | 460 | 3/4″ |
| 1.0 | 0.2~0.65 | |||||||||
| WZS-08PMA | 0.8 | 0.35~1.17 | 7.5 | 57 | 3/4″ | 2 | 10 | 800x800x1100 | 510 | 3/4″ |
| 1.0 | 0.3~1.05 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 0.24~0.81 | |||||||||
| WZS-11PMA | 0.8 | 0.54~1.72 | 11 | 60 | 1″ | 2.5 | 26 | 1200x800x1300 | 620 | 3/4″ |
| 1.0 | 0.45~1.42 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 0.35~1.10 | |||||||||
| WZS-15PMA | 0.8 | 0.75~2.43 | 15 | 60 | 1″ | 3.5 | 26 | 1200x800x1300 | 670 | 1″ |
| 1.0 | 0.65~2.17 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 0.6~1.85 | |||||||||
| WZS-18PMA | 0.8 | 0.9~3.13 | 18.5 | 63 | 1″ | 4 | 30 | 1400x1000x1520 | 730 | 1″ |
| 1.0 | 0.9~2.82 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 0.6~2.05 | |||||||||
| WZS-22PMA | 0.8 | 1.1~3.62 | 22 | 63 | 1 1/2″ | 5 | 30 | 1400x1000x1520 | 780 | 1″ |
| 1.0 | 0.97~3.21 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 0.85~2.78 | |||||||||
| WZS-30PMA | 0.8 | 1.55~5.12 | 30 | 66 | 1 1/2″ | 7 | 40 | 1500x1150x1500 | 1150 | 1 1/2″ |
| 1.0 | 1.255~4.43 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 1.1~3.63 | |||||||||
| WZS-37PMA | 0.8 | 1.91~6.30 | 37 | 66 | 1 1/2″ | 9 | 40 | 1500x1150x1500 | 1200 | 1 1/2″ |
| 1.0 | 1.60~5.33 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 1.42~4.77 | |||||||||
| WZS-45PMA | 0.8 | 2.50~8.30 | 45 | 68 | 1 1/2″ | 10 | 90 | 1800x1300x1750 | 1490 | 2″ |
| 1.0 | 1.91~6.30 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 1.70~5.56 | |||||||||
| WZS-55PMA | 0.8 | 3.0~9.76 | 55 | 69 | 1 1/2″ | 12 | 100 | 1800x1300x1750 | 1570 | 2″ |
| 1.0 | 2.60~8.55 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 2.30~7.67 | |||||||||
| WZS-75PMA | 0.8 | 3.95~13.00 | 75 | 72 | 1 1/2″ | 18 | 100 | 1800x1300x1750 | 1750 | 2″ |
| 1.0 | 3.40~11.50 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 3.0~9.70 | |||||||||
| WZS-90PMA | 0.8 | 5.0~16.60 | 90 | 73 | 1 1/2″ | 20 | 120 | 2200x1550x1800 | 2450 | 2 1/2″ |
| 1.0 | 4.30~14.66 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 3.72~12.60 | |||||||||
| WZS-110PMA | 0.8 | 6.0~19.97 | 110 | 77 | 1 1/2″ | 24 | 120 | 2200x1550x1800 | 2580 | 2 1/2″ |
| 1.0 | 5.0~16.66 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 4.65~15.56 | |||||||||
| WZS-132PMA | 0.8 | 6.75~22.52 | 132 | 77 | 2″ | 30 | 120 | 2200x1550x1800 | 2700 | 2 1/2″ |
| 1.0 | 6.0~19.97 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 5.07~16.90 | |||||||||
| WZS-160PMA | 0.8 | 8.5~28.11 | 160 | 79 | 3″ | 35 | 160 | 3000x1800x2100 | 3900 | 3″ |
| 1.0 | 706~25.45 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 6.7~22.52 | |||||||||
| WZS-185PMA | 0.8 | 10~33.97 | 185 | 79 | 3″ | 38 | 160 | 3000x1800x2100 | 4050 | 3″ |
| 1.0 | 8.72~29.00 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 7075~25.210 | |||||||||
| WZS-200PMA | 0.8 | 11.2~36.75 | 200 | 80 | 4″ | 42 | 200 | 3100x1850x2100 | 4200 | 4″ |
| 1.0 | 9.68~32.78 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 9.2~29.24 | |||||||||
| WZS-220PMA | 0.8 | 12.2~39.67 | 220 | 80 | 4″ | 47 | 200 | 3100x1850x2100 | 4400 | 4″ |
| 1.0 | 11.2~36.75 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 9.0~29.63 | |||||||||
| WZS-250PMA | 0.8 | 13.5~44.78 | 250 | 80 | 4″ | 53 | 200 | 3100x1850x2100 | 4800 | 4″ |
| 1.0 | 12.3~39.67 | |||||||||
| 1.25 | 10.2~33.97 |
Before quotation:
1.Before quoting, what should users offer?
1).Discharge pressure (Bar, Mpa or Psi)
2).Air discharge/Air flow/Air capacity (m3/min or CFM)
3).Power supply (220/380V, 50/60Hz, 3Phase)
2.If I don’t know the pressure and air flow, what should I do?
1).Take the picture of nameplate, we will advise the suitable air compressor to you.
2).Tell us what industry you are, we can advise the suitable 1 (so as to air tank / air dryer / air filters).
High Efficiency PM Motor and Energy Saving
*With the high-performance permanent magnet material, PM motor won’t lose magnetism even under 120°c and can run for more than 15 years.
*No motor bearing: permanent magnet rotors is installed directly on the stretch out shaft of Male rotor. This structure doesn’t have the bearing and eliminates the motor bearing fault.
*Comparing to normal variable speed motor, the permanent magnet synchronous motor performs with even better energy efficiency. Especially in the low-speed condition, it can still maintain a high motor efficiency.
SHIPPING
Delivery: time 5-25 working days after payment receipt confirmed(based on actual quantity)
packing:standard export packing. or customized packing as your
Professional: goods shipping forwarder.
FAQ
Q: OEM/ODM, or customers logo printed is available?
Yes, OEM/ODM, customers logo is welcomed.
Q: Delivery date?
Usually 5-25 workdays after receiving deposit, specific delivery date based on order quantity
Q: what’s your payment terms?
Regularly doing 30% deposit and 70% balance by T/T, Western Union, Paypal, other payment terms also can be discussed based on our cooperation.
Q: How to control your quality?
We have professional QC team, control the quality during the mass production and inspect completely goods before shipping.
Q: If we don’t have shipping forwarder in China, would you do this for us?
We can offer you best shipping line to ensure you can get the goods timely at best price.
Q: come to China before, can you be my guide in China?
We are happy to provide you orservice, such as booking ticket, pick up at the airport, booking hotel, accompany visiting market or factory
| After-sales Service: | Video Technical Support |
|---|---|
| Warranty: | Unit 1 Year, Air End 2 Years |
| Lubrication Style: | Oil-free |
| Cooling System: | Air Cooling |
| Power Source: | AC Power |
| Cylinder Position: | Vertical |
| Customization: |
Available
|
|
|---|
.webp)
How Do Water-Lubricated Air Compressors Impact Compressed Air Quality?
Water-lubricated air compressors can have an impact on the quality of the compressed air they produce. Here’s a detailed explanation of how water-lubricated air compressors can affect compressed air quality:
Moisture Content:
- Condensation: Water-lubricated compressors introduce moisture into the compressed air system. During the compression process, as the air cools downstream, moisture can condense and accumulate. This moisture can lead to issues such as corrosion, rust, and contamination of downstream equipment or processes.
- Water Carryover: If the compressor’s water separation mechanisms are not efficient or if there are malfunctions in the water removal systems, water droplets or mist may carry over into the compressed air. This can negatively impact the quality of the compressed air and introduce moisture-related issues downstream.
Contamination:
- Oil Contamination: In some water-lubricated compressors, there is a potential for oil to mix with the water used for lubrication. If oil and water emulsify or if there are leaks in the compressor system, oil contamination may occur. Oil-contaminated compressed air can have adverse effects on downstream processes, equipment, and products. It can lead to contamination, reduced performance of pneumatic components, and potential health and safety concerns.
- Particulate Contamination: Water-lubricated compressors can introduce particulate matter, such as sediment, debris, or rust, into the compressed air system. This can occur if the water supply or water treatment systems are not adequately filtered or maintained. Particulate contamination can clog or damage pneumatic equipment, affect product quality, and cause operational issues in downstream applications.
Preventive Measures:
- Water Separation: Water-lubricated compressors employ various water separation mechanisms to remove moisture from the compressed air. This includes moisture separators, water traps, or coalescing filters that are specifically designed to capture and remove water droplets or mist from the compressed air stream. Regular maintenance and inspection of these separation systems are necessary to ensure their proper functioning.
- Air Treatment: Additional air treatment components, such as air dryers or desiccant systems, can be installed downstream of water-lubricated compressors to further reduce moisture content in the compressed air. These systems help to remove moisture that may have carried over from the compressor and ensure that the compressed air meets the required dryness standards for specific applications.
- Proper Maintenance: Regular maintenance of water-lubricated compressors is essential to minimize the potential impact on compressed air quality. This includes routine inspection, cleaning, and replacement of filters, lubrication systems, and water separation components. Addressing any leaks, malfunctioning components, or system issues promptly can help maintain the integrity of the compressed air and prevent contamination or excessive moisture levels.
By implementing appropriate water separation mechanisms, air treatment systems, and maintenance practices, the impact of water-lubricated air compressors on compressed air quality can be minimized. It is important to consider the specific requirements of the application and follow industry standards and guidelines to ensure the desired compressed air quality is achieved.
.webp)
Are There Any Restrictions on the Type of Water Used in Water-Lubricated Compressors?
When it comes to water-lubricated compressors, there are certain restrictions and considerations regarding the type of water that can be used. Here’s a detailed explanation of the restrictions on the type of water used in water-lubricated compressors:
Water Quality:
- Cleanliness: The water used in water-lubricated compressors should be clean and free from excessive impurities or contaminants. Impurities like sediment, minerals, or debris can cause blockages, wear, or damage to the compressor components. It is important to use water that meets the cleanliness requirements specified by the manufacturer.
- Chemical Composition: The chemical composition of the water can also be a factor to consider. Water with high mineral content or hardness can lead to scale formation, which can affect the performance and lifespan of the compressor. Water treatment methods, such as water softening or filtration, may be necessary to maintain the desired water quality.
Water Temperature:
- Freezing Point: In cold climates, it is important to ensure that the water used in the compressor’s lubrication system does not freeze. Freezing can cause operational issues and damage to the equipment. The water temperature should be maintained above freezing point through insulation, heating, or other suitable methods.
- Temperature Range: Water-lubricated compressors may have specific temperature requirements to ensure optimal operation and lubrication. Operating the compressor with water temperatures outside the recommended range can affect its performance and lifespan. It is important to adhere to the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding the acceptable temperature range for the water used.
Water Treatment:
- Water Treatment Systems: Depending on the quality of the available water supply, it may be necessary to use water treatment systems to ensure the water meets the required standards. Water treatment systems can help remove impurities, control chemical composition, and maintain the desired water quality for effective lubrication and cooling.
- Water Treatment Frequency: Regular maintenance and monitoring of the water treatment systems are essential to ensure their effectiveness. The frequency of water treatment, such as filtration or chemical treatment, may vary depending on the specific conditions and the water quality in the area.
Manufacturer Recommendations:
- Consulting the Manufacturer: It is important to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations regarding the type of water to be used in water-lubricated compressors. Manufacturers may specify the acceptable water quality parameters, treatment methods, or restrictions to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the compressor.
By considering the cleanliness, chemical composition, temperature, and appropriate water treatment measures, the type of water used in water-lubricated compressors can be optimized to meet the requirements specified by the manufacturer. Adhering to these restrictions helps ensure efficient and reliable operation of the compressor while minimizing the risk of component damage or performance issues.
.webp)
What is a water lubrication air compressor?
A water lubrication air compressor, also known as a water-injected air compressor, is a type of compressor that utilizes water as a lubricant and cooling medium in its operation. Unlike traditional air compressors that rely on oil for lubrication, water lubrication air compressors offer specific advantages and are commonly used in certain applications. Here’s an overview of how water lubrication air compressors work and their key characteristics:
Working Principle:
In a water lubrication air compressor, the compression process involves injecting a controlled amount of water into the compression chamber. The water acts as a lubricant and cooling agent, ensuring smooth operation and preventing excessive heat buildup. As the air is compressed, the water lubricates the internal components, reducing friction and wear.
Advantages:
1. Reduced Environmental Impact: One of the significant advantages of water lubrication air compressors is their reduced environmental impact. These compressors eliminate the need for oil lubrication, resulting in lower oil consumption and the elimination of oil-related contamination risks. This makes them a more environmentally friendly option, particularly in applications where oil contamination must be avoided, such as in food processing or pharmaceutical industries.
2. Enhanced Air Quality: Water lubrication air compressors produce cleaner compressed air compared to oil-lubricated compressors. The absence of oil in the compression process eliminates the risk of oil carryover into the air system. This is essential in applications where clean and oil-free compressed air is required, such as in electronics manufacturing or spray painting.
3. Improved Energy Efficiency: Water lubrication air compressors can offer improved energy efficiency compared to oil-lubricated compressors. The water injected during the compression process helps in cooling the air, reducing the energy required for subsequent cooling and drying processes. This can lead to energy savings and lower operating costs.
4. Lower Maintenance Requirements: Water lubrication air compressors generally have lower maintenance requirements compared to oil-lubricated compressors. The absence of oil means no oil changes or oil filter replacements, simplifying maintenance tasks and reducing costs. However, regular checks and maintenance of the water filtration system are necessary to ensure the water quality and prevent any potential contamination issues.
Applications:
Water lubrication air compressors are commonly used in applications where clean and oil-free compressed air is critical. Some typical applications include:
- Food and beverage processing
- Pharmaceutical manufacturing
- Electronics manufacturing
- Spray painting and coating
- Laboratories and research facilities
- Dental offices
These compressors provide a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for industries and applications that require high-quality compressed air without oil contamination.


editor by CX 2023-11-20